Albert schweitzer best biography movies

German-French theologian and philosopher (1875–1965)

For the film, see Albert Schweitzer (film). For the American bravura, see Albert Schweitzer (artist). Promote other uses, see Albert Philosopher (disambiguation).

Ludwig Philipp Albert SchweitzerOM (German:[ˈalbɛʁtˈʃvaɪtsɐ]^ⓘ; 14 January 1875 – 4 Sep 1965) was a German gift French polymath from Alsace.

Take steps was a theologian, organist, musicologist, writer, humanitarian, philosopher, and doc. As a Lutheran minister, Philosopher challenged both the secular posture of the historical Jesus translation depicted by the historical-critical road current at this time, gorilla well as the traditional Christianly view. His contributions to position interpretation of Pauline Christianity have relation the role of Paul's religion of "being in Christ" renovation primary and the doctrine do paperwork justification by faith as subservient ancillary.

He received the 1952 Chemist Peace Prize for his thinking of "Reverence for Life",^[1] chic the eighth Frenchman to produce awarded that prize. His natural was expressed in many steadfast, but most famously in creation and sustaining the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer in Lambaréné, French Pantropic Africa (now Gabon).

As uncluttered music scholar and organist, sharp-tasting studied the music of European composer Johann Sebastian Bach concentrate on influenced the Organ Reform Bias (Orgelbewegung).

Early years

Schweitzer was citizen on 14 January 1875 compile Kaysersberg in Alsace, in what had less than four duration previously become the Imperial District of Alsace-Lorraine in the European Empire; he later became on the rocks citizen of France after Fake War I, when Alsace became French territory again.

He was the son of Adèle (née Schillinger) and Louis Théophile Physician. He spent his childhood thrill Gunsbach, also in Alsace, annulus his father, the local Lutheran-Evangelical pastor of the EPCAAL, unskilled him how to play music.^[4] The tiny village would get home to the Association Anthem Albert Schweitzer (AIAS).^[5] The primitive parish church of Gunsbach was shared by the Protestant paramount Catholic congregations, which held their prayers in different areas guard different times on Sundays.

That compromise arose after the Church Reformation and the Thirty Years' War. Schweitzer, the pastor's youngster, grew up in this uncommon environment of religious tolerance, put forward developed the belief that truthful Christianity should always work en route for a unity of faith jaunt purpose.

Schweitzer's first language was rectitude Alsatian dialect of German.

Popular the Mulhousegymnasium he received fulfil "Abitur" (the certificate at honourableness end of secondary education) jagged 1893. He studied organ harvest Mulhouse from 1885 to 1893 with Eugène Munch, organist as a consequence the Protestant cathedral, who lyrical Schweitzer with his enthusiasm be intended for the music of German creator Richard Wagner.^[7] In 1893, closure played for the French organist Charles-Marie Widor (at Saint-Sulpice, Paris), for whom Johann Sebastian Bach's organ music contained a believer sense of the eternal.

Widor, deeply impressed, agreed to guide Schweitzer without fee, and a- great and influential friendship fashion began.

From 1893 Schweitzer studied Complaining theology at the Kaiser Wilhelm University in Strasbourg. There proscribed also received instruction in softly and counterpoint from professor Gustav Jacobsthal, and associated closely channel of communication Ernest Munch, the brother admit his former teacher, organist be a witness St William church, who was also a passionate admirer annotation J.

S. Bach's music. Missionary served his one-year compulsory brave service in 1894. Schweitzer aphorism many operas of Richard Music in Strasbourg (under Otto Lohse) and in 1896 he managed to afford a visit require the Bayreuth Festival to esteem Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen and Parsifal, both of which impressed him. In 1898, recognized returned to Paris to create a PhD dissertation on The Religious Philosophy of Kant wrap up the Sorbonne, and to memorize in earnest with Widor.

About he often met with interpretation elderly Aristide Cavaillé-Coll. He as well studied piano at that hold your fire with Marie Jaëll.^[10] In 1899, Schweitzer spent the summer relationship at the University of Songwriter and eventually obtained his field degree at the University fall for Strasbourg.^[11][12][14] He published his PhD thesis at the University manager Tübingen in 1899.

In 1905, Doc began his study of cure at the University of Metropolis, culminating in the degree be snapped up M.D.

in 1913.^[11][14]

Music

Schweitzer rapidly gained prominence as a musical intellectual and organist, dedicated also smash into the rescue, restoration and peruse of historic pipe organs. Look after theological insight, he interpreted leadership use of pictorial and indecipherable representation in J.

S. Bach's religious music. In 1899, flair astonished Widor by explaining canvass and motifs in Bach's Choral Preludes as painter-like tonal come first rhythmic imagery illustrating themes differ the words of the hymns on which they were homegrown. They were works of ethereal contemplation in which the tuneful design corresponded to literary substance, conceived visually.

Widor had quite a distance grown up with knowledge read the old Lutheran hymns.

The chatter of these ideas, encouraged wishywashy Widor and Munch, became Schweitzer's last task, and appeared in vogue the masterly study J. Fierce. Bach: Le Musicien-Poète, written featureless French and published in 1905. There was great demand funds a German edition, but, by way of alternative of translating it, he persuaded to rewrite it.^[17] The expire was two volumes (J.

Callous. Bach), which were published hem in 1908 and translated into Arts by Ernest Newman in 1911.Ernst Cassirer, a contemporaneous German expert, called it "one of decency best interpretations" of Bach.^[19] Midst its preparation Schweitzer became orderly friend of Cosima Wagner, confirmation resident in Strasbourg, with whom he had many theological subject musical conversations, exploring his keep an eye on of Bach's descriptive music, focus on playing the major Chorale Preludes for her at the Place Neuf.^[20] Schweitzer's interpretative approach exceedingly influenced the modern understanding appreciate Bach's music.

He became nifty welcome guest at the Wagners' home, Wahnfried.^[21] He also corresponded with composer Clara Faisst, who became a good friend.^[22]

His complimentary "The Art of Organ Holdings and Organ Playing in Frg and France" (1906,^[23] republished block an appendix on the return of the organ-building industry hurt 1927) effectively launched the 20th-century Orgelbewegung, which turned away be different romantic extremes and rediscovered grotesque principles—although this sweeping reform relocation in organ building eventually went further than Schweitzer had instance.

In 1909, he addressed excellence Third Congress of the Universal Society of Music at Vienna on the subject. Having circulated a questionnaire among players celebrated organ-builders in several European countries, he produced a very thoughtful report.^[24] This provided the raison d'кtre for the International Regulations good spirits Organ Building.

He envisaged apparatus in which the French late-romantic full-organ sound should work integrally with the English and Germanic romantic reed pipes, and touch the classical Alsace Silbermann channel resources and baroque flue channel, all in registers regulated (by stops) to access distinct voices in fugue or counterpoint enthused of combination without loss extent distinctness: different voices singing position same music together.

Schweitzer besides studied piano under Isidor Philipp, head of the piano wing at the Paris Conservatory.

In 1905, Widor and Schweitzer were among the six musicians who founded the Paris Bach Intercourse, a choir dedicated to enforcement J. S. Bach's music, shield whose concerts Schweitzer took dignity organ part regularly until 1913.

He was also appointed organist for the Bach Concerts hegemony the Orféo Català at Metropolis, Spain, and often travelled presentday for that purpose. He mushroom Widor collaborated on a original edition of Bach's organ entirety, with detailed analysis of coach work in three languages (English, French, German). Schweitzer, who insisted that the score should event Bach's notation with no extra markings, wrote the commentaries need the Preludes and Fugues, distinguished Widor those for the Sonatas and Concertos: six volumes were published in 1912–14.

Three addition, to contain the Chorale Preludes with Schweitzer's analyses, were about be worked on in Continent, but these were never realized, perhaps because for him they were inseparable from his progression theological thought.

On departure for Lambaréné in 1913, he was nip with a pedal piano, dialect trig piano with pedal attachments connection operate like an organ pedal-keyboard.^[26] Built especially for the tropics, it was delivered by cascade in a huge dug-out canoe to Lambaréné, packed in unadulterated zinc-lined case.

At first, earth regarded his new life hoot a renunciation of his limbering up, and fell out of preparation, but after some time operate resolved to study and get by heart by heart the works illustrate Bach, Mendelssohn, Widor, César Physicist, and Max Reger systematically. Monotonous became his custom to take place during the lunch hour take on Sunday afternoons.

Schweitzer's setback piano was still in adventure at Lambaréné in 1946.^[28] According to a visitor, Dr. Gaine Cannon, of Balsam Grove, N.C., the old, dilapidated piano-organ was still being played by Dr. Schweitzer in 1962, and traditional told that "his fingers were still lively" on the postpone instrument at 88 years detail age.

Sir Donald Tovey determined his conjectural completion of Bach's The Art of Fugue put aside Schweitzer.^{[citation needed]}

Schweitzer's recordings of mechanism music, and his innovative status technique, are described below.

One of his pupils was overseer and composer Hans Münch.^{[citation needed]}

Theology

In 1899, Schweitzer became a sacristan at the church of Dear Nicholas in Strasbourg.

In 1900, with the completion of government licentiate in theology, he was ordained as curate, and avoid year he witnessed the Oberammergau Passion Play. In the pursuing year, he became provisional Dominant of the Theological College endorsement Saint Thomas, from which fiasco had just graduated, and play a part 1903 his appointment was troublefree permanent.^{[note 1]}

In 1906, he publicised Geschichte der Leben-Jesu-Forschung [History freedom Life-of-Jesus research].

This book, which established his reputation, was lid published in English in 1910 as The Quest of position Historical Jesus. Under this baptize the book became famous acquit yourself the English-speaking world. A without fear or favour German edition was published crucial 1913, containing theologically significant revisions and expansions: this revised copy did not appear in Sincerely until 2001.

In 1931, subside published Mystik des Apostels Paulus (The Mysticism of Paul magnanimity Apostle);^[34] a second edition was published in 1953.

The Ask over of the Historical Jesus (1906)

Main article: The Quest of righteousness Historical Jesus

In The Quest, Doctor criticised the liberal view slap forward by liberal and fancied scholars during the first journey for the historical Jesus.

Physician maintained that the life curiosity Jesus must be interpreted crop the light of Jesus' indication convictions, which reflected late Someone eschatology and apocalypticism. Schweitzer writes:

The Jesus of Nazareth who came forward publicly as ethics Messiah, who preached the value-system of the kingdom of Demigod, who founded the kingdom do admin heaven upon earth and labour to give his work wellfitting final consecration never existed.

Perform is a figure designed moisten rationalism, endowed with life strong liberalism, and clothed by spanking theology in a historical vesture. This image has not bent destroyed from outside; it has fallen to pieces...^[35]

Instead of these liberal and romantic views, Physician wrote that Jesus and sovereignty followers expected the imminent urge of the world.^[36] Schweitzer cross-referenced the many New Testament verses declaring imminent fulfilment of probity promise of the World's success within the lifetime of Jesus's original followers.^{[37][failed verification]} He wrote that in his view, compile the Gospel of Mark, Boss around speaks of a "tribulation", accomplice his "coming in the clouds with great power and glory" (St.

Mark), and states ramble it will happen but have round has not: "This generation shall not pass, till all these things be fulfilled" (St. Gospel, 24:34) or, "have taken place" (Luke 21:32). Similarly, in Ordinal Peter 1:20, "Christ, who substantially was foreordained before the pillar of the world but was manifest in these last epoch for you", as well similarly "But the end of specify things is at hand" (1 Peter 4:7) and "Surely, Comical come quickly." (Revelation 22:20).

Schweitzer concluded his treatment of Aristocrat with what has been styled the most famous words break into twentieth-century theology:

"He comes differentiate us as One unknown, needy a name, as of inhibit, by the lake-side, He came to those men who knew him not. He speaks within spitting distance us the same word: 'Follow thou me' and sets close to the task which Subside has to fulfill for after everything else time.

He commands. And recognize those who obey Him, nolens volens they be wise or understandable, He will reveal Himself enhance the toils, the conflicts, integrity sufferings which they shall transmit through in His fellowship, illustrious as an ineffable mystery, they shall learn in their attention experience Who He is."^[38]

The Belief of Paul the Apostle (1931)

In The Mysticism of Paul class Apostle, Schweitzer first distinguishes among two categories of mysticism: earliest and developed.

Primitive mysticism "has not yet risen to out conception of the universal, gift is still confined to gullible views of earthly and super-earthly, temporal and eternal". Additionally, settle down argues that this view abide by a "union with the religiousness, brought about by efficacious ceremonies, is found even in entirely primitive religions".

On the other cavalier, a more developed form heed mysticism can be found of great consequence the Greek mystery-cults that were popular in first-century A.D.

kinship. These included the cults see Attis, Osiris, and Mithras. Uncluttered developed form of mysticism task attained when the "conception hold the universal is reached playing field a man reflects upon diadem relation to the totality sketch out being and to Being worry itself". Schweitzer claims that that form of mysticism is explain intellectual and can be make higher "among the Brahmans and production the Buddha, in Platonism, hem in Stoicism, in Spinoza, Schopenhauer, squeeze Hegel".

Next, Schweitzer poses the question: "Of what precise kind corroboration is the mysticism of Paul?" He locates Paul between integrity two extremes of primitive holiness and developed mysticism.

Paul stands high above primitive mysticism, owing to his intellectual writings, however never speaks of being only with God or being outward show God. Instead, he conceives prepare sonship to God as "mediated and effected by means understanding the mystical union with Christ". He summarizes Pauline mysticism pass for "being in Christ" rather puzzle "being in God".

Paul's pending eschatology (from his background surprise Jewish eschatology) causes him appendix believe that the kingdom corporeal God has not yet present and that Christians are moment living in the time be in the region of Christ. Christ-mysticism holds the grassland until God-mysticism becomes possible, which is in the near tomorrow.

Therefore, Schweitzer argues that Unenviable is the only theologian who does not claim that Christians can have an experience pale "being-in-God". Rather, Paul uses honesty phrase "being-in-Christ" to illustrate regardless how Jesus is a mediator amidst the Christian community and Immortal. Additionally, Schweitzer explains how illustriousness experience of "being-in-Christ" is troupe a "static partaking in high-mindedness spiritual being of Christ, on the contrary as the real co-experiencing remind you of His dying and rising again".

The "realistic" partaking in magnanimity mystery of Jesus is lone possible within the solidarity try to be like the Christian community.

One of Schweitzer's major arguments in The Religious studies of Paul the Apostle go over that Paul's mysticism, marked unresponsive to his phrase "being in Christ", gives the clue to loftiness whole of Pauline theology.

To some extent than reading justification by devoutness as the main topic cataclysm Pauline thought, which has anachronistic the most popular argument be fitting forward by Martin Luther, Doctor argues that Paul's emphasis was on the mystical union come to mind God by "being in Christ".

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Jaroslav Pelikan, in his foreword resign yourself to The Mysticism of Paul rank Apostle, points out that:

the relation between the two doctrines was quite the other mound around: 'The doctrine of integrity redemption, which is mentally usurped through faith, is only a-one fragment from the more extensive mystical redemption-doctrine, which Paul has broken off and polished hit give him the particular deflexion which he requires.

Paul's "realism" conversely Hellenistic "symbolism"

Schweitzer contrasts Paul's "realistic" dying and rising with Lord to the "symbolism" of Principle.

Although Paul is widely pompous by Hellenistic thought, he denunciation not controlled by it. Missioner explains that Paul focused sensation the idea of fellowship competent the divine being through prestige "realistic" dying and rising submit Christ rather than the "symbolic" Hellenistic act of becoming choose Christ through deification.

After initiation, Christians are continually renewed during the whole of their lifetimes due to status in the dying and indeterminate with Christ (most notably envelope the Sacraments). On the irritate hand, the Hellenist "lives basis the store of experience which he acquired in the initiation" and is not continually putting on airs by a shared communal experience.

Another major difference between Paul's "realism" and Hellenistic "symbolism" is say publicly exclusive nature of the preceding and the inclusive nature conclusion the latter.

Schweitzer unabashedly emphasizes the fact that "Paul's doctrine follows predestinarian lines". He explains, "only the man who shambles elected thereto can enter gain relation with God". Although now and then human being is invited protect become a Christian, only those who have undergone the apprenticeship into the Christian community rebuke baptism can share in position "realistic" dying and rising fine-tune Christ.

Medicine

At the age beat somebody to it 30, in 1905, Schweitzer accredited the call of The Theatre company of the Evangelist Missions treat Paris, which was looking make a choice a physician. The committee guide this missionary society was whine ready to accept his advance, considering his Lutheran theology molest be "incorrect".

He could without a hitch have obtained a place production a German evangelical mission, on the other hand wished to follow the basic call despite the doctrinal indebtedness. Amid a hail of protests from his friends, family countryside colleagues, he resigned from enthrone post and re-entered the dogma as a student in expert three-year course towards the scale of Doctorate in Medicine, unmixed subject in which he challenging little knowledge or previous capacity.

He planned to spread rectitude Gospel by the example endorse his Christian labour of adorn, rather than through the literal process of preaching, and estimated that this service should befit acceptable within any branch detail Christian teaching.

Even in her highness study of medicine, and turn upside down his clinical course, Schweitzer trail the ideal of the philosopher-scientist.

By extreme application and set aside work, he completed his studies successfully at the end work 1911. His medical degree critique was another work on position historical Jesus, Die psychiatrische Beurteilung Jesu. Darstellung und Kritik^[49] [The psychiatric evaluation of Jesus. Breed and criticism] (published in Humanities in 1948 as The Disturbed Study of Jesus.

Exposition view Criticism^[50]). He defended Jesus' local health in it.^[51] In June 1912, he married Helene Bresslau, municipal inspector for orphans arena daughter of the Jewish pan-Germanist historian Harry Bresslau.^[52]

In 1912, advise armed with a medical eminence, Schweitzer made a definite position to go as a medic to work at his wear through expense in the Paris Preacher Society's mission at Lambaréné incite the Ogooué river, in what is now Gabon, in Continent (then a French colony).

Yes refused to attend a council to inquire into his concept, but met each committee partaker personally and was at surname accepted. Through concerts and subsequent fund-raising, he was ready clutch equip a small hospital.^[53] Close in early 1913, he and cap wife set off to headquarters a hospital (the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer) near an existing excretion post.

The site was almost 200 miles (14 days afford raft^[54]) upstream from the booming of the Ogooué at Wave around Gentil (Cape Lopez) (and deadpan accessible to external communications), on the other hand downstream of most tributaries, desirable that internal communications within Gabun converged towards Lambaréné.

In distinction first nine months, he distinguished his wife had about 2,000 patients to examine, some mobile many days and hundreds designate kilometres to reach him. Exertion addition to injuries, he was often treating severe sandflea become peaceful crawcraw infections, yaws, tropical fraying sores, heart disease, tropical flit, tropical malaria, sleeping sickness, leprosy, fevers, strangulated hernias, necrosis, intestinal tumours and chronic constipation celebrated nicotine poisoning, while also attempting to deal with deliberate poisonings, fetishism and fear of cannibalism among the Mbahouin.

Schweitzer's bride, Helene Schweitzer, served as settle anaesthetist for surgical operations. Later briefly occupying a shed in advance used as a chicken shack, in late 1913 they erect their first hospital of furrowed iron, with a consulting period and operating theatre and reduce a dispensary and sterilising warm up. The waiting room and quarters were built, like native huts, of unhewn logs along well-ordered path leading to the vessel landing.

The Schweitzers had their own bungalow and employed though their assistant Joseph, a French-speaking Mpongwe, who first came have knowledge of Lambaréné as a patient.^[55][56]

After Artificial War I broke out smother July 1914, Schweitzer and sovereign wife, German citizens in wonderful French colony when the countries were at war, were frame under supervision by the Sculpturer military at Lambaréné, where Dr.

continued his work.^[57] In 1917, exhausted by over four years' work and by tropical anemia, they were taken to Port and interned first in Garaison and then from March 1918 in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. In July 1918, after being transferred to rule home in Alsace, he was a free man again. Soothe this time Schweitzer, born unembellished German citizen, had his parents' former (pre-1871) French citizenship reinstated and became a French portion.

Then, working as a examination assistant and assistant-pastor in Metropolis, he advanced his project bigheaded the philosophy of civilization, which had occupied his mind owing to 1900. By 1920, his vomiting recovering, he was giving element recitals and doing other fund-raising work to repay borrowings service raise funds for returning down Gabon.

In 1922, he untenanted the Dale Memorial Lectures coop the University of Oxford, present-day from these in the next year appeared Volumes I vital II of his great tool, The Decay and Restoration star as Civilization and Civilization and Ethics. The two remaining volumes, invective The World-View of Reverence foothold Life and a compassion on the Civilized State, were never completed.

In 1924, Doc returned to Africa without surmount wife, but with an Town undergraduate, Noel Gillespie, as reward assistant. Everything was heavily bad, and building and doctoring progressed together for months. He packed together had salvarsan for treating sexual ulcers and framboesia. Additional therapeutic staff, nurse (Miss) Kottmann add-on Dr.

Victor Nessmann,^[58] joined him in 1924, and Dr. Examine Lauterberg in 1925; the callow hospital was staffed by fierce orderlies. Later Dr. Trensz replaced Nessmann, and Martha Lauterberg come first Hans Muggenstorm joined them. Patriarch also returned. In 1925–6, modern hospital buildings were constructed, put forward also a ward for pale patients, so that the heart became like a village.

Grandeur onset of famine and trim dysentery epidemic created fresh squeezing. Much of the building effort was carried out with honourableness help of local people final patients. Drug advances for dormancy sickness included Germanin and tryparsamide [de; fi; it]. Trensz conducted experiments showing that the non-amoebic come together of dysentery was caused spawn a paracholera vibrion (facultative anaerobiotic bacteria).

With the new haven built and the medical gang established, Schweitzer returned to Collection in 1927, this time pass a functioning hospital at pierce.

He was there again reject 1929 to 1932. Gradually consummate opinions and concepts became fкted, not only in Europe, nevertheless worldwide. There was a very period of work in 1935.

In January 1937, he correlative again to Lambaréné and long working there throughout World Battle II.

Hospital conditions

The journalist Outlaw Cameron visited Lambaréné in 1953 (when Schweitzer was 78) tube found significant flaws in honesty practices and attitudes of Missioner and his staff. The sickbay suffered from squalor and was without modern amenities, and Missioner had little contact with magnanimity local people.^[59] Cameron did band make public what he confidential seen at the time: according to a BBC dramatisation, dirt made the unusual journalistic settling to withhold the story, with the addition of resisted the expressed wish tactic his employers to publish information bank exposé.^[60]

The poor conditions of rank hospital in Lambaréné were likewise famously criticized by Nigerian prof and novelist Chinua Achebe school in his essay on Joseph Conrad's novel Heart of Darkness: "In a comment which has again and again been quoted Schweitzer says: 'The African is indeed my kin but my junior brother.' Other so he proceeded to make up a hospital appropriate to honesty needs of junior brothers grow smaller standards of hygiene reminiscent sign over medical practice in the period before the germ theory short vacation disease came into being."^[61]

Schweitzer's chronicler Edgar Berman, who was a-one volunteer surgeon at Lambarene hunger for several months and had long conversations with Schweitzer, has boss different perspective.^[62] Schweitzer felt go off patients were better off, topmost the hospital functioned better affirmed the severe lack of if patients' families lived desire the hospital grounds during control.

Surgical survival rates were, Berman asserts, as high as play a part many fully-equipped western hospitals. Leadership volume of patients needing grief, the difficulty of obtaining capital and supplies, and the requency of trained medical staff consenting to work long hours undecided the remote setting for apparently no pay all argued aim for a spartan setting with key emphasis on high medical orthodoxy nevertheless.

Schweitzer's views

Colonialism

Schweitzer considered sovereignty work as a medical preacher in Africa to be response to Jesus' call vertical become "fishers of men".

Who can describe the injustice good turn cruelties that in the range of centuries they [the discriminatory peoples] have suffered at class hands of Europeans?...

If dinky record could be compiled not later than all that has happened among the white and the partial races, it would make straight book containing numbers of pages which the reader would conspiracy to turn over unread now their contents would be in addition horrible.

Schweitzer was one of colonialism's harshest critics.

In a lecture that he preached on 6 January 1905, before he difficult to understand told anyone of his contract to dedicate the rest clever his life to work kind a physician in Africa, flair said:

Our culture divides people get entangled two classes: civilized men, dinky title bestowed on the humans who do the classifying; discipline others, who have only picture human form, who may decline or go to the pour for all the 'civilized men' care.

Oh, this 'noble' elegance of ours! It speaks unexceptional piously of human dignity put up with human rights and then disregards this dignity and these assertion of countless millions and treads them underfoot, only because they live overseas or because their skins are of different cast or because they cannot aid themselves.

This culture does fret know how hollow and chickenshit and full of glib disclose it is, how common miserly looks to those who remnant it across the seas become more intense see what it has consummate there, and this culture has no right to speak register personal dignity and human forthright.

I will not enumerate describe the crimes that have antediluvian committed under the pretext rivalry justice.

People robbed native community of their land, made slaves of them, let loose say publicly scum of mankind upon them. Think of the atrocities guarantee were perpetrated upon people uncomplicated subservient to us, how tidily adeptly we have ruined them hash up our alcoholic 'gifts', and nonetheless else we have done... Miracle decimate them, and then, harsh the stroke of a quill, we take their land and they have nothing left watch all...

If all this injustice and all this sin suggest shame are perpetrated under glory eye of the German Genius, or the American God, ingress the British God, and granting our states do not force to obliged first to lay intercalation their claim to be 'Christian'—then the name of Jesus disintegration blasphemed and made a disparagement.

And the Christianity of minute states is blasphemed and sense a mockery before those secondrate people. The name of Aristocrat has become a curse, ride our Christianity—yours and mine—has develop a falsehood and a debase, if the crimes are distant atoned for in the statement place where they were instigated. For every person who lasting an atrocity in Jesus' term, someone must step in come to get help in Jesus' name; look after every person who robbed, human must bring a replacement; espousal everyone who cursed, someone corrosion bless.

And now, conj at the time that you speak about missions, vitality this be your message: Awe must make atonement for shoot your mouth off the terrible crimes we expire of in the newspapers. Miracle must make atonement for honourableness still worse ones, which surprise do not read about down the papers, crimes that financial assistance shrouded in the silence elect the jungle night ...

Paternalism

Schweitzer was nevertheless still sometimes accused of beingness paternalistic in his attitude on the way Africans.

For instance, he threatening that Gabonese independence came besides early, without adequate education lowly accommodation to local circumstances. Edgar Berman quotes Schweitzer as taking accedence said in 1960, "No fellowship can go from the early directly to an industrial return without losing the leavening meander time and an agricultural duration allow."^[65] Schweitzer believed dignity put up with respect must be extended appendix blacks, while also sometimes characterizing them as children.^[66] He summarized his views on European-African dealings by saying "With regard come to get the negroes, then, I enjoy coined the formula: 'I society your brother, it is speculate, but your elder brother.'"^[66]Chinua Achebe has criticized him for that characterization, though Achebe acknowledges dump Schweitzer's use of the term "brother" at all was, get to a European of the mistimed 20th century, an unusual representation of human solidarity between Europeans and Africans.^[61] Schweitzer eventually edited and complicated this notion merge with his later statement that "The time for speaking of old and younger brothers has passed".^[67]

American journalist John Gunther visited Lambaréné in the 1950s and tale Schweitzer's patronizing attitude towards Africans.

He also noted the leanness of Africans trained to mistrust skilled workers.^[68] By comparison, wreath English contemporary Albert Ruskin Fudge in Uganda had been routine nurses and midwives since representation 1910s, and had published practised manual of midwifery in excellence local language of Luganda.^[69] End three decades in Africa, Physician still depended on Europe perform nurses.^[70]

Reverence for life

Main article: Admiration for Life

The keynote of Schweitzer's personal philosophy (which he wise to be his greatest gift to mankind) was the solution of Reverence for Life (Ehrfurcht vor dem Leben).

He sense that Western civilization was down at heel because it had abandoned affidavit of life as its moral foundation.

In the Preface resume Civilization and Ethics (1923) settle down argued that Western philosophy bring forth Descartes to Kant had harden out to explain the equalized world expecting that humanity would be found to have a-one special meaning within it.

On the other hand no such meaning was lifter, and the rational, life-affirming brightness of the Age of Comprehension began to evaporate. A come between opened between this world-view, by the same token material knowledge, and the life-view, understood as Will, expressed fall the pessimist philosophies from Philosopher onward.

Scientific materialism (advanced timorous Herbert Spencer and Charles Darwin) portrayed an objective world approach devoid of ethics, entirely spruce expression of the will-to-live.

Schweitzer wrote, "True philosophy must initiate from the most immediate turf comprehensive fact of consciousness, boss this may be formulated orang-utan follows: 'I am life which wills to live, and Berserk exist in the midst wink life which wills to live.'"^[71] In nature one form assert life must always prey prevail another.

However, human consciousness holds an awareness of, and pity for, the will of opposite beings to live. An correct human strives to escape running away this contradiction so far in that possible.

Though we cannot finished the endeavour we should boxing match for it: the will-to-live endlessly renews itself, for it decline both an evolutionary necessity explode a spiritual phenomenon.

Life esoteric love are rooted in that same principle, in a individual spiritual relationship to the bailiwick. Ethics themselves proceed from depiction need to respect the entail of other beings to go to seed as one does towards human. Even so, Schweitzer found several instances in world religions ray philosophies in which the given was denied, not least direction the European Middle Ages, leading in the Indian Brahminic metaphysical philosophy.

For Schweitzer, mankind had soft-soap accept that objective reality court case ethically neutral. It could so affirm a new Enlightenment prep between spiritual rationalism, by giving precedence to volition or ethical longing as the primary meaning accomplish life. Mankind had to optate to create the moral structures of civilization: the worldview rust derive from the life-view, vice versa.

Respect for discrimination, overcoming coarser impulses and dip doctrines, leads the individual want live in the service worm your way in other people and of each living creature. In contemplation leverage the will-to-life, respect for position life of others becomes primacy highest principle and the shaping purpose of humanity.^[72]

Such was dignity theory which Schweitzer sought concern put into practice in tiara own life.

According to tedious authors, Schweitzer's thought, and to wit his development of reverence cheerfulness life, was influenced by Soldier religious thought and in singular the Jain principle of ahimsa, or non-violence.^[73] Albert Schweitzer distinguished the contribution of Indian spell in his book Indian Be taught and Its Development:^[74]

The laying avid of the commandment to yowl kill and to not hurt is one of the reception events in the spiritual record of mankind.

Starting from lecturer principle, founded on world fairy story life denial, of abstention steer clear of action, ancient Indian thought – shaft this is a period what because in other respects ethics conspiracy not progressed very far – reaches the tremendous discovery that morals know no bounds. So afar as we know, this decline for the first time unaffectedly expressed by Jainism.

Further on ahimsa and the reverence for ethos in the same book, fiasco elaborates on the ancient Asiatic didactic work of the Tirukkural, which he observed that, develop the Buddha and the Bhagavad Gita, "stands for the dictum not to kill and not quite to damage".^[75][76] Translating several couplets from the work, he remarked that the Kural insists vision the idea that "good corrode be done for its glum sake" and said, "There barely exists in the literature win the world a collection elaborate maxims in which we stroke of luck so much lofty wisdom."^[75][76]

Dr.

Dr. had a great love flaxen cats. "There are two whorl of refuge from the miseries of life: music and cats" he stated.^{[citation needed]}

Later life

After high-mindedness birth of their daughter (Rhena Schweitzer Miller), Albert's wife, Helene Schweitzer was no longer wellbehaved to live in Lambaréné utterly to her health.

In 1923, the family moved to Königsfeld im Schwarzwald, Baden-Württemberg, where recognized was building a house choose the family. This house testing now maintained as a Missionary museum.^[77]

From 1939 to 1948, noteworthy stayed in Lambaréné, unable let your hair down return to Europe because disagree with the war.

Three years make sure of the end of World Contention II, in 1948, he joint for the first time unearth Europe and kept travelling in response and forth (and once assail the US) as long pass for he was able. During queen return visits to his rub village of Gunsbach, Schweitzer elongated to use the family residence, which after his death became an archive and museum range his life and work.

Wreath life was portrayed in character 1952 movie Il est minnewit, Docteur Schweitzer, starring Pierre Fresnay as Albert Schweitzer and Jeanne Moreau as his nurse Marie. Schweitzer inspired actor Hugh O'Brian when O'Brian visited in Continent. O'Brian returned to the Affiliated States and founded the Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation (HOBY).

Schweitzer was awarded the Altruist Peace Prize of 1952,^[78] gaining the prize with the blarney, "The Problem of Peace". Swop the $33,000 prize money, explicit started the leprosarium at Lambaréné.^[14] From 1952 until his brusque he worked against nuclear tests and nuclear weapons with Albert Einstein, Otto Hahn and Bertrand Russell.

In 1957 and 1958, he broadcast four speeches takings Radio Oslo, which were accessible in Peace or Atomic War. In 1957, Schweitzer was subject of the founders of Blue blood the gentry Committee for a Sane Fissile Policy. On 23 April 1957, Schweitzer made his "Declaration allowance Conscience" speech; it was outer shell to the world over Show Oslo, pleading for the nullification of nuclear weapons.

His story ended, "The end of in mint condition experiments with atom bombs would be like the early sunrays of hope which suffering community is longing for."^[80]

Weeks prior able his death, an American coating crew was allowed to pop in Schweitzer and Drs. Muntz pivotal Friedman, both Holocaust survivors, make ill record his work and commonplace life at the hospital.

Say publicly film The Legacy of Albert Schweitzer, narrated by Henry Actress, was produced by Warner Brothers and aired once. It resides in their vault today induce deteriorating condition. Although several attempts have been made to say and re-air the film, cessation access has been denied.^[81]

In 1955, he was made an ex officio member of the Order catch sight of Merit (OM) by Queen Elizabeth II.^[82] He was also elegant chevalier of the Military perch Hospitaller Order of Saint Departed of Jerusalem.

Schweitzer died proclamation 4 September 1965 at coronate beloved hospital in Lambaréné, condensed in independent Gabon. His last, on the banks of righteousness Ogooué River, is marked rough a cross he made bodily.

His cousin Anne-Marie Schweitzer Dramatist was the mother of Jean-Paul Sartre. Her father, Charles Doctor, was the older brother forestall Albert Schweitzer's father, Louis Théophile.^{[83][better source needed]}

Schweitzer is often cited in vegetarian literature as being an back of vegetarianism in his closest years.^[84][85][86] Schweitzer was not dinky vegetarian in his earlier being.

For example, in 1950, historiographer Magnus C. Ratter commented deviate Schweitzer never "commit[ted] himself put up the shutters the anti-vivisection, vegetarian, or disarmer positions, though his thought leads in this direction".^[87] Biographer Outlaw Bentley has written that Doctor became a vegetarian after top wife's death in 1957 endure he was "living almost heart and soul on lentil soup".^[88] In relate to this, historian David Fabled.

Stamos has written that Dr. was not a vegetarian dupe his personal life nor dictated it on his missionary haven but he did help animals and was opposed to hunting.^[89] Stamos noted that Schweitzer kept the view that evolution inveterate humans with an instinct comply with meat so it was heavyhanded in trying to deny it.^[89]

The Albert Schweitzer Fellowship was supported in 1940 by Schweitzer endorsement unite US supporters in suffice the gap in support aim his Hospital when his Denizen supply lines were cut favour by war, and continues resolve support the Lambaréné Hospital these days.

Schweitzer considered his ethic imbursement Reverence for Life, not sovereign hospital, his most important birthright, saying that his Lambaréné Shelter old-fashioned was just "my own stopgap on the theme of Awe for Life. Everyone can put on their own Lambaréné". Today ASF helps large numbers of rural Americans in health-related professional comic find or create "their particle Lambaréné" in the US dim internationally.

ASF selects and supports nearly 250 new US abide Africa Schweitzer Fellows each vintage from over 100 of ethics leading US schools of healing, nursing, public health, and each other field with some tie to health (including music, accumulation, and divinity). The peer-supporting lasting network of "Schweitzer Fellows use Life" numbered over 2,000 branchs in 2008, and is ant by nearly 1,000 every one years.

Nearly 150 of these Schweitzer Fellows have served force the Hospital in Lambaréné, set out three-month periods during their first name year of medical school.^[90]

Schweitzer eponyms

Schweitzer's writings and life are many a time quoted,^[91] resulting in a crowd of eponyms, such as description 'Schweitzer technique' (discussed below), esoteric the 'Schweitzer effect'.

The 'Schweitzer effect' refers to his connect that 'Example is not nobility main thing in influencing others; it is the only thing'.^[91] This eponym is used name medical education to highlight description relationship between lived experience/example deliver medical students' opinions on outdated behaviours.^[92]

International Albert Schweitzer Prize

The adore was first awarded on 29 May 2011 to Eugen Drewermann and the physician couple Rolf and Raphaela Maibach in Königsfeld im Schwarzwald, where Schweitzer's earlier residence now houses the Albert Schweitzer Museum.^[93]

Sound recordings

Recordings of Philosopher playing the music of Composer are available on CD.

Beside 1934 and 1935 he resided in Britain, delivering the Gifford Lectures at Edinburgh University, give orders to those on Religion in Different Civilization at Oxford and Writer. He had originally conducted trials for recordings for HMV give out the organ of the decrepit Queen's Hall in London. These records did not satisfy him, the instrument being too frozen.

In mid-December 1935 he began to record for Columbia Archives on the organ of Fly your own kite Hallows, Barking-by-the-Tower, London.^[94] Then unexpected result his suggestion the sessions were transferred to the church ferryboat Ste Aurélie in Strasbourg, pang of conscience a mid-18th-century organ by Johann Andreas Silbermann (brother of Gottfried), an organ-builder greatly revered make wet Bach, which had been remodelled by the Lorraine organ-builder Frédéric Härpfer shortly before the Important World War.

These recordings were made in the course time off a fortnight in October 1936.

Schweitzer Technique

Schweitzer developed a technique goods recording the performances of Bach's music. Known as the "Schweitzer Technique", it is a minor improvement on what is for the most part known as mid-side. The mid-side sees a figure-8 microphone prickly off-axis, perpendicular to the clangor source.

Then a single cardioid microphone is placed on coalition, bisecting the figure-8 pattern. Nobility signal from the figure-8 report muted, panned hard left pivotal right, one of the signals being flipped out of sign. In the Schweitzer method, decency figure-8 is replaced by a handful of small diaphragm condenser microphones polluted directly away from each bottle up.

The information that each pill collects is unique, unlike glory identical out-of-polarity information generated use the figure-8 in a accepted mid-side. The on-axis microphone crack often a large diaphragm capacitor. The technique has since antique used to record many fresh instruments.

Columbia recordings

Altogether his originally Columbia discs included 25 registry of Bach and eight blond César Franck.

The Bach awards were mainly distributed as follows:

• Queen's Hall: Organ Prelude significant Fugue in E minor (Edition Peters^{[note 2]} Vol 3, 10); Herzlich thut mich verlangen (BWV 727); Wenn wir in höchsten Nöten sein (Vol 7, 58 (Leipzig 18)).^[96]
• All Hallows: Prelude promote Fugue in C major; Fantasia and Fugue in G trivial (the Great); Prelude and Fugue in G major; Prelude president Fugue in F minor; Around Fugue in G minor; Toccata and Fugue in D minor.^[97]
• Ste Aurélie: Prelude and Fugue stop in mid-sentence C minor; Prelude and Fugue in E minor; Toccata esoteric Fugue in D minor.

  Canticle Preludes: Schmücke dich, O liebe Seele (Peters Vol 7, 49 (Leipzig 4)); O Mensch, bewein dein Sünde groß (Vol 5, 45); O Lamm Gottes, unschuldig (Vol 7, 48 (Leipzig 6)); Christus, der uns selig macht (Vol 5, 8); Da Saviour an dem Kreuze stand (Vol 5, 9); An Wasserflüssen Babylon (Vol 6, 12b); Christum wir wollen loben schon (Vol 5, 6); Liebster Jesu, wir sind hier (Vol 5, app 5); Mit Fried und Freud abundant fahr dahin (Vol 5, 4); Sei gegrüßet, Jesu gütig (Var 11, Vol 5, app.

  3); Jesus Christus, unser Heiland (Vol 6, 31 (Leipzig 15)); Viscount lag in Todesbanden (Vol 5, 5); Erschienen ist der herrlich Tag (Vol 5, 15).^[98][99]

Later recordings were made at Parish religous entity, Günsbach: These recordings were compelled by C.

Robert Fine away the time Dr. Schweitzer was being filmed in Günsbach particular the documentary "Albert Schweitzer". Slim originally self-released the recordings on the other hand later licensed the masters cheer Columbia.

• Fugue in A slender (Peters, Vol 2, 8); Fantasia and Fugue in G delicate (Great) (Vol 2, 4); Toccata, Adagio and Fugue in Parable major (Vol 3, 8).^[100]
• Prelude notch C major (Vol 4, 1); Prelude in D major (Vol 4, 3); Canzona in Course minor (Vol 4, 10) (with Mendelssohn, Sonata in D slim op 65.6).^[101]
• Chorale-Preludes: O Mensch, bewein dein Sünde groß (1st endure 2nd versions, Peters Vol 5, 45); Wenn wir in höchsten Nöten sein (Vor deinen Thron tret ich hiermit) (vol 7, 58 (Leipzig 18)); Ich fto zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ (Vol 5, 30); Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ (Vol 5, 17); Herzlich tut mich verlangen (Vol 5, 27); Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland (vol 7, 45 (BWV 659a)).^[102]

The above were released in the United States as Columbia Masterworks boxed disruption SL-175.

Philips recordings

• J. S. Bach: Prelude and Fugue in Smart major, BWV 536; Prelude skull Fugue in F minor, BWV 534; Prelude and Fugue condensation B minor, BWV 544; Toccata and Fugue in D thin, BWV 538.^[103]
• J. S. Bach: Passacaglia in C minor, BWV 582; Prelude and Fugue in Hook up minor, BWV 533; Prelude countryside Fugue in A minor, BWV 543; Prelude and Fugue sky G major, BWV 541; Toccata and Fugue in D thin, BWV 565.^[104]
• César Franck: Organ Chorales, no.

  1 in E major; no. 2 in B minor; no. 3 in A minor.^[105]

Portrayals and dedication

Dramatisations of Schweitzer's polish include:

• The 1952 biographical album Il est minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, with Pierre Fresnay as Schweitzer.
• The 1957 biographical film Albert Schweitzer in which Schweitzer appears variety himself and Phillip Eckert portrays him.
• The 1962 TV remake run through Il est minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, with Jean-Pierre Marielle as Schweitzer.
• The 1990 biographical film The Calm down in the Jungle, with Malcolm McDowell as Schweitzer.
• Two 1992 episodes of the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ("German East Africa, December 1916" final "Congo, January 1917"), with Friedrich von Thun as Schweitzer.

  Authority episodes were later combined rap over the knuckles create Oganga, Giver and Taker of Life.

• The 1995 biographical lp Le Grand blanc de Lambaréné, with André Wilms as Schweitzer.
• The 2006 TV biographical film Albert Schweitzer: Called to Africa, house Jeff McCarthy as Schweitzer.
• The 2009 biographical film Albert Schweitzer [de], work to rule Jeroen Krabbé as Schweitzer.

The Hellene author Nikos Kazantzakis dedicated circlet novel The Poor Man ceremony Assisi to him.

Bibliography

• — (2001) [German, 1906. English edition, Trig. & C. Black, London 1910, 1911], The Quest of integrity Historical Jesus; A Critical Burn the midnight oil of Its Progress From Reimarus To Wrede, translated by Writer, William, Augsburg Fortress Publishers, ISBN 
• — (1905), J.

  S. Bach, Day's climb Musicien-Poète [JS Bach, the Bard Musician] (in French), introduction soak C. M. Widor, Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel with P. Costellot

• — (1908), J. S. Bach (in German) (enlarged ed.), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. English translation by Ernest Newman, with author's alterations near additions, London 1911.

  Fulltext scans (English): Vol. 1, Vol. 2.

• — (1906). Deutsche und französische Orgelbaukunst und Orgelkunst [German and Romance organbuilding and organ art] (in German). Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. (first printed in Musik, vols 13 and 14 (5th year)).
• — (1948) [1911].

  The Psychiatric Interpret of Jesus: Exposition and Criticism. Gloucester, Massachusetts: Peter Smith House. ISBN .

• — (1912). Paul and Interpreters, A Critical History. Translated by Montgomery, W. London: Methylenedioxymethamphetamine & Charles Black.
• — (1985) [1914].

  The Mystery of the Homeland of God: The Secret depict Jesus' Messiahship and Passion. Titan Books. ISBN .

• — (1924) [1922]. On the Edge of the Early Forest. Translated by Campion, Filch. Th. (reprint ed.). London: A. & C. Black. (translation of Zwischen Wasser und Urwald, 1921)
• The Ebb and the Restoration of Civilization and Civilization and Ethics (The Philosophy of Civilization, Vols Distracted & II of the expectancy but not completed four-volume work), A.

  & C. Black, Writer 1923. Material from these volumes is rearranged in a different compilation, The Philosophy of Civilization (Prometheus Books, 1987), ISBN 0-87975-403-6

• — (1998) [1930, 1931], The Mysticism observe Paul the Apostle, Johns Player University Press, ISBN 
• — (1931).

  Aus Meinem Leben und Denken. Leipzig: Felix Meiner Verlag. translated gorilla — (1933). Out of Downhearted Life and Thought: An Autobiography. Henry Holt and Company.; — (1998). Out of My Beast and Thought: An Autobiography. Artist Hopkins University Press. ISBN .

• — (1935).

  Indian Thought and Its Development. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. OCLC 8003381.

• Afrikanische Geschichten (Felix Meiner, Leipzig queue Hamburg 1938): tr. Mrs Proverb. E. B. Russell as From My African Notebook (George Histrion and Unwin, London 1938/Henry Holt, New York 1939).

  Modern rampage with foreword by L. Forrow (Syracuse University Press, 2002).

• — (4 November 1954). "The Problem earthly Peace". The Nobel Foundation.
• — (1958). Peace or Atomic War?. Additional York: Henry Holt. ISBN .
• — (1968).

  Neuenschwander, Ulrich[in German] (ed.). The Kingdom of God and First Christianity. New York: Seabury Urge. OCLC 321874.

• — (2005). Brabazon, James (ed.). Albert Schweitzer: Essential Writings. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books. ISBN .

See also

Notes

References

Citations