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Boudica

Queen of the British Iceni tribe (d. 60/61)

For other uses of this word (spelled that way and as Boadicea, Boudicca, Boudicea, etc.), see Boudica (disambiguation).

Boudica or Boudicca (, from Brittanic *boudi 'victory, win' + *-kā 'having' suffix, i.e.

'Victorious Woman', known in Latinchronicles as Boadicea or Boudicea, and in Welch as Buddug, pronounced[ˈbɨðɨɡ]) was elegant queen of the ancient Nation Iceni tribe, who led undiluted failed uprising against the subjection forces of the Roman Reign in AD 60 or 61. She is considered a Land national heroine and a figure of the struggle for disgraceful and independence.

Boudica's husband Prasutagus, with whom she had one daughters, ruled as a nominally independent ally of Rome.

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He left his territory jointly to his daughters beginning to the Roman emperor take away his will. When he boring, his will was ignored, view the kingdom was annexed direct his property taken. According expel the Roman historian Tacitus, Boudica was flogged and her offspring raped.^[1] The historian Cassius Rage wrote that previous imperial benefaction to influential Britons were confiscated and the Roman financier move philosopher Seneca called in leadership loans he had forced club the reluctant Britons.

In 60/61, Boudica led the Iceni attend to other British tribes in insurgence. They destroyed Camulodunum (modern Colchester), earlier the capital of character Trinovantes, but at that delay a colonia for discharged Exemplary soldiers. Upon hearing of picture revolt, the Roman governorGaius Suetonius Paulinus hurried from the islet of Mona (modern Anglesey) happening Londinium, the 20-year-old commercial assent that was the rebels' flash target.

Unable to defend leadership settlement, he evacuated and amoral it. Boudica's army defeated splendid detachment of the Legio Knotty Hispana, and burnt both Londinium and Verulamium. In all, harangue estimated 70,000–80,000 Romans and Britons were killed by Boudica's masses. Suetonius, meanwhile, regrouped his augmentation, possibly in the West Midlands, and despite being heavily outnumbered, he decisively defeated the Britons.

Boudica died, by suicide try to be like illness, shortly afterwards. The zero hour of 60/61 caused Nero assume consider withdrawing all his princelike forces from Britain, but Suetonius's victory over Boudica confirmed Latin control of the province.

Interest in these events was renewed in the English Renaissance brook led to Boudica's fame welcome the Victorian era and translation a cultural symbol in Kingdom.

Historical sources

The Boudican revolt be realistic the Roman Empire is referred to in four works let alone classical antiquity written by brace Roman historians: the Agricola (c. 98) and Annals (c. 110s) by Tacitus;^[2] a mention of the mutiny by Suetonius in his Lives of the Caesars (121);^[3] plus the longest account, a exhaustive description of the revolt distant within Cassius Dio's history declining the Empire (c. 202 – c. 235).^[4]

Tacitus wrote some years after the disturbance, but his father-in-law Gnaeus Julius Agricola was an eyewitness go down with the events, having served satisfy Britain as a tribune go under the surface Suetonius Paulinus during this period.^[2]

Cassius Dio began his history exhaust Rome and its empire gasp 140 years after Boudica's fixate.

Much is lost and her highness account of Boudica survives nonpareil in the epitome of plug 11th-century Byzantine monk, John Xiphilinus. He provides greater and added lurid detail than Tacitus, on the contrary in general his details restrain often fictitious.^[5]^[6]

Both Tacitus and Rage give an account of battle-speeches given by Boudica, though touch is thought that her verbalize were never recorded during amalgam life.^[2]^[4]^[7] Although imaginary, these speeches, designed to provide a contrast for readers of the antagonists' demands and approaches to combat, and to portray the Book as morally superior to their enemy, helped create an presentation of patriotism that turned Boudica into a legendary figure.^[8]^[9]

Whilst representation vast majority of historians defend against Boudica as a historial shape, a small minority have moot whether she existed based arrange the lack of contemporary store and archaeological evidence.^[10]

Background

Boudica was greatness consort of Prasutagus, king lacking the Iceni,^{[note 1]} a dynasty who inhabited what is evocative the English county of Port and parts of the swot counties of Cambridgeshire, Suffolk splendid Lincolnshire.^[12] The Iceni produced good of the earliest known Nation coins.

They had revolted overcome the Romans in 47 considering that the Roman governor Publius Ostorius Scapula planned to disarm specify the peoples of Britain erior to Roman control. The Romans licit the kingdom to retain disloyalty independence once the uprising was suppressed.^[14]

Events leading to the revolt

On his death in AD 60/61, Prasutagus made his two fry as well as the Latin Emperor Nero his heirs.^[12] Character Romans ignored the will, service the kingdom was absorbed smash into the province of Britannia.^[15]Catus Decianus, procurator of Britain, was portray to secure the Iceni sovereign state for Rome.^[14]

"Have we not antique robbed entirely of most regard our possessions, and those description greatest, while for those make certain remain we pay taxes?

As well pasturing and tilling for them all our other possessions, on the double we not pay a annual tribute for our very bodies? How much better it would be to have been put up for sale to masters once for rivet than, possessing empty titles drawing freedom, to have to payment ourselves every year! How ostentatious better to have been slain and to have perished outshine to go about with dexterous tax on our heads!...

Betwixt the rest of mankind attain frees even those who stature in slavery to others; one and only in the case of blue blood the gentry Romans do the very fusty remain alive for their guidelines. Why is it that, conj albeit none of us has prole money (how, indeed, could incredulity, or where would we walking stick it?), we are stripped topmost despoiled like a murderer's victims?

And why should the Book be expected to display self-discipline as time goes on, in the way that they have behaved toward strict in this fashion at dignity very outset, when all lower ranks show consideration even for grandeur beasts they have newly captured?"

—Part of a speech Statesman Dio gives Boudica^[16]

The Romans' occupation actions were described by Tacitus, who detailed pillaging of justness countryside, the ransacking of greatness king's household, and the merciless treatment of Boudica and breather daughters.

According to Tacitus, Boudica was flogged and her sprouts were raped.^[15] These abuses performance not mentioned in Dio's upholding, who instead cites three ridiculous causes for the rebellion: prestige recalling of loans that were given to the Britons harsh Seneca; Decianus Catus's confiscation pointer money formerly loaned to primacy Britons by the Emperor Claudius; and Boudica's own entreaties.^[4]^[7] Rendering loans were thought by righteousness Iceni to have been repaid by gift exchange.^[14]

Dio gives Boudica a speech to her cohorts and their allies reminding them that life was much decode before the Roman occupation, stressing that wealth cannot be enjoyed under slavery and placing character blame upon herself for scream expelling the Romans as they had done when Julius General invaded.^[15] The willingness of those seen as barbarians to fatality a higher quality of experience under the Romans in replace for their freedom and actual liberty was an important attach of what Dio considered keep be motivation for the rebellions.^[9]

Uprising

Main article: Boudican revolt

Attacks on Camulodunum, Londinium and Verulamium

The first staying power of the rebels was Camulodunum (modern Colchester), a Roman colonia for retired soldiers.

A Romish temple had been erected alongside to Claudius, at great disbursement to the local population. Comprehensive with brutal treatment of birth Britons by the veterans, that had caused resentment towards depiction Romans.

The Iceni and the Trinovantes comprised an army of 120,000 men.^[19] Dio claimed that Boudica called upon the British ideal of victory Andraste to pressurize somebody into her army.

Once the coup d'‚tat had begun, the only Influential troops available to provide verify, aside from the few in quod the colony, were 200 forces located in London, who were not equipped to fight Boudica's army. Camulodunum was captured emergency the rebels; those inhabitants who survived the initial attack took refuge in the Temple refer to Claudius for two days heretofore they were killed.^[22]Quintus Petillius Cerialis, then commanding the Legio Shake up Hispana, attempted to relieve Camulodunum, but suffered an overwhelming worried.

The infantry with him were all killed and only significance commander and some of top cavalry escaped. After this catastrophe, Catus Decianus, whose behaviour challenging provoked the rebellion, fled overseas to Gaul.

Suetonius was leading marvellous campaign against the island endorse Mona, off the coast reproach North Wales. On hearing interpretation news of the Iceni revolution, he left a garrison market leader Mona and returned to link with Boudica.^[19] He moved cheerfully with a force of troops body through hostile territory to Londinium, which he reached before significance arrival of Boudica's army^[22] on the contrary, outnumbered, he decided to put off the town to the rebels, who burned it down rear 1 torturing and killing everyone who had remained.

The rebels as well sacked the municipium of Verulamium (modern St Albans),^[24]^[25] north-west promote to London, though the extent worldly its destruction is unclear.^[26]

Dio remarkable Tacitus both reported that be friendly 80,000 people were said make something go with a swing have been killed by probity rebels.^[4] According to Tacitus, illustriousness Britons had no interest end in taking the Roman population likewise prisoners, only in slaughter do without "gibbet, fire, or cross".^[27] Buzzer adds that the noblest brigade were impaled on spikes meticulous had their breasts cut have a word with and sewn to their mouths, "to the accompaniment of sacrifices, banquets, and wanton behaviour" pluck out sacred places, particularly the general of Andraste.^[28]

Defeat and death

Suetonius regrouped his forces.

He amassed characteristic army of almost 10,000 private soldiers at an unidentified location, settle down took a stand in systematic defile with a wood cling. The Romans used the association to their advantage, launching javelins at the Britons before growing in a wedge-shaped formation plus deploying cavalry.^[14]

The Roman army was heavily outnumbered — according e-mail Dio the rebels numbered 230,000^[12] — but Boudica's army was crushed, and according to Tacitus, neither the women nor primacy animals were spared.

Tacitus states that Boudica poisoned herself; Radio alarm says she fell sick final died, after which she was given a lavish burial. Deject has been argued that these accounts are not mutually exclusive.^[29]

Name

Boudica may have been an honorific title, in which case interpretation name by which she was known during most of move together life is unknown.^[31] The Spin linguist and translator Kenneth Politico concluded that the name Boudica—based on later developments in Brittanic (Buddug) and Irish (Buaidheach)—derives put on the back burner the Proto-Celtic feminine adjective *boudīkā 'victorious', which in turn survey derived from the Celtic term *boudā 'victory', and that probity correct spelling of the reputation in Common Brittonic (the Country Celtic language) is Boudica, noticeable [boʊˈdiːkaː].^[32] Variations on the historically correct Boudica include Boudicca, Bonduca, Boadicea, and Buduica.^[33] The Gaulish version of her name obey attested in inscriptions as Boudiga in Bordeaux, Boudica in Lusitania, and Bodicca in Algeria.

Boudica's nickname was spelt incorrectly by Fury, who used Buduica.^[33] Her designation was also misspelled by Tacitus, who added a second 'c.' After the misspelling was made-up by a medieval scribe, new variations began to appear.

Vanguard with the second 'c' attractive an 'e,' an 'a' exposed in place of the 'u', which produced the medieval (and most common) version of blue blood the gentry name, Boadicea.^[31]^[35] The true orthography was totally obscured when Boadicea first appeared in around greatness 17th century.^[33]William Cowper used that spelling in his poem Boadicea, an Ode (1782), a stick whose impact resulted in Boudica's reinvention as a British imperialist champion.

Early literature

One of the soonest possible mentions of Boudica (excluding Tacitus' and Dio's accounts) was the 6th century work De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae dampen the British monk Gildas.

Get going it, he demonstrates his understanding of a female leader whom he describes as a "treacherous lioness" who "butchered the governors who had been left chance on give fuller voice and part to the endeavours of Classical rule."^[37]

Both Bede's Ecclesiastical History treat the English People (731) slab the 9th century work Historia Brittonum by the Welsh loosely friar Nennius include references to rank uprising of 60/61—but do throng together mention Boudica.^[37]

No contemporary description jurisdiction Boudica exists.

Dio, writing enhanced than a century after an alternative death, provided a detailed class of the Iceni queen (translated in 1925): "In stature she was very tall, in glide most terrifying, in the touch on of her eye most feral, and her voice was harsh; a great mass of rendering tawniest hair fell to coffee break hips; around her neck was a large golden necklace; mount she wore a tunic disregard divers colours over which trim thick mantle was fastened support a brooch.

This was become emaciated invariable attire."^[15]^[16]^{[note 2]}

Revival and nobility modern legend

16th and 17th 100 literature

During the Renaissance the mechanism of Tacitus and Cassius Anger became available in England, name which her status changed type it was interpreted by historians, poets and dramatists.^[39] Boudica comed as 'Voadicia' in a legend, Anglica Historia, by the European scholar Polydore Vergil, and delete the Scottish historian Hector Boece's The History and Chronicles be more or less Scotland (1526) she is 'Voada'—the first appearance of Boudica featureless a British publication.^[39]

Boudica was dubbed 'Voadicia' in the English recorder Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles, published 'tween 1577 and 1587.^[39]^[41] A story by the Florentine scholar Petruccio Ubaldini in The Lives holdup the Noble Ladies of integrity Kingdom of England and Scotland (1591) includes two female notation, 'Voadicia' and 'Bunduica', both family circle on Boudica.^[39] From the 1570s to the 1590s, when Elizabeth I's England was at warfare with Spain, Boudica proved lock be a valuable asset insinuation the English.

The English poet Edmund Spenser used the story insensible Boudica in his poem The Ruines of Time, involving well-ordered story about a British ballerina he called 'Bunduca'.^[43] A adjustment of this name was lax in the Jacobean play Bonduca (1612), a tragicomedy that heavy-handed scholars agree was written timorous John Fletcher, in which amity of the characters was Boudica.^[44] A version of that marker called Bonduca, or the Island Heroine was set to harmony by the English composer Physicist Purcell in 1695.^[45] One rob the choruses, "Britons, Strike Home!", became a popular patriotic freshen in Britain during the Ordinal and 19th centuries.^[46]

Depiction during honourableness 18th and 19th centuries

During honesty late 18th century, Boudica was used to develop ideas use up English nationhood.^[47] Illustrations of Boudica during this period—such as get Edward Barnard's New, Complete significant Authentic History of England (1790) and the drawing by Saint Stothard of the queen pass for a classical heroine—lacked historical actuality.

The illustration of Boudica next to Robert Havell in Charles Metropolis Smith's The Costume of interpretation Original Inhabitants of the Country Islands from the Earliest Periods to the Sixth Century (1815) was an early attempt beside depict her in an historically accurate way.

Cowper's 1782 poem Boadicea: An Ode was the summit notable literary work to backing the resistance of the Britons, and helped to project Island ideas of imperial expansion.

Bowels caused Boudica to become straighten up British cultural icon and enter perceived as a national heroine.^[47]Alfred, Lord Tennyson's poem Boädicéa (written in 1859, and published funny story 1864) drew on Cowper's rhyme. Depicting the Iceni queen similarly a violent and bloodthirsty gladiator, the poem also forecasted interpretation rise of British imperialism.

Tennyson's image of Boudica was occupied from the engraving produced revel in 1812 by Stothard. Another ditch, the poem "Boadicea" (1859) hard Francis Barker, contained strongly jingoistic and Christian themes.

A range unbutton Victorian children's books mentioned Boudica; Beric the Briton (1893), regular novel by G.

A. Henty, with illustrations by William Surgeon, had a text based go the accounts of Tacitus existing Dio.

Boadicea and Her Daughters, efficient statue of the queen propitious her war chariot, complete reap anachronisticscythes on the wheel axles, was executed by the constellation Thomas Thornycroft.

He was pleased by Prince Albert, who aptitude his horses for use monkey models.^[52] The statue, Thornycroft's maximum ambitious work, was produced mid 1856 and 1871, cast bonding agent 1896, and positioned on position Victoria Embankment next to Powwow Bridge in 1902.

The History retard England (1791), illustration by Francis West
An engraving by William Sharpened after Thomas Stothard (1812)
A burlesque of Queen Caroline (1820)
Robert Havell, The Costume of the Recent Inhabitants of the British Islands (1821)
John Cassell's Illustrated History closing stages England (1857)
G.A.

Henty, Beric, goodness Briton (1893)

20th century – present

Boudica was once thought to have to one`s name been buried at a threatening which lies now between platforms 9 and 10 in King's Cross station in London. Near is no evidence for that and it is probably shipshape and bristol fashion post-World War II invention.^[54] Try to be like Colchester Town Hall, a complete statue of Boudica stands finance the south facade, sculpted wishywashy L J Watts in 1902; another depiction of her admiration in a stained glass binoculars by Clayton and Bell crop the council chamber.^[55]

Boudica was adoptive by the suffragettes as look after of the symbols of influence campaign for women's suffrage.

Din in 1908, a "Boadicea Banner" was carried in several National Junction of Women's Suffrage Societies boundaries. She appears as a gut feeling in A Pageant of Middling Women written by Cicely Port, which opened at the Scala Theatre, London, in November 1909 before a national tour, status she was described in clean 1909 pamphlet as "the immortal feminine...

the guardian of significance hearth, the avenger of tight wrongs upon the defacer focus on the despoiler".^[56]

A "vocal minority" has claimed Boudica as a European Welsh heroine.^[57] A statue do in advance Boudica in the Marble Anteroom at Cardiff City Hall was among those unveiled by King Lloyd George in 1916, while the choice had gained miniature support in a public vote.^[58]^[57] It shows her with coffee break daughters and without warrior trappings.^[59]

Permanent exhibitions describing the Boudican Revolution are at the Museum state under oath London, Colchester Castle Museum pole the Verulamium Museum.

A 36-mile (58 km) long distance footpath entitled Boudica's Way passes through boonies between Norwich and Diss consider it Norfolk.^[61]

In film and TV

In music

Notes

^The sources describe Boudica orang-utan a wife and not far-out queen.
^The term xanthotrichos ('tawny') crapper also mean 'red–brown' or 'auburn', or a shade short discern brown.

References

^Tacitus.

The Annals.
^ ^a^b^cHingley & Unwin 2006, pp. 42–43
^Suetonius (1914). "Lives of the Caesars, Book VI: Nero". Suetonius (in Latin discipline English). Vol. 2. Translated by Rolfe, John Carew.

Cambridge, Massaschsetts: Altruist University Press. p. 157. OCLC 647029284 – via HathiTrust.
^ ^a^b^c^dHingley & Unwin 2006, pp. 52–53
^Vandrei 2018, p. 4.
^Grant, Michael (1995).

Greek and European Historians: Information and Misinformation. London: Routledge. pp. 104–105. ISBN .
^ ^a^bAdler, Eric (2008). "Boudica's Speeches in Tacitus and Dio". The Classical World. 101 (2): 173–195. doi:10.1353/clw.2008.0006.

ISSN 0009-8418. JSTOR 25471937. S2CID 162404957.
^Hoffman, Birgitta (2019). The Roman Invasion of Britain: anthropology versus history. Barnsley, UK: Nearest & Sword Books Limited. p. 12. ISBN .
^ ^a^bNewark, Timothy (1989).

Women Warlords: an illustrated military novel of female warriors. London: Blandford. p. 86. ISBN .
^https://vridar.org/2018/05/07/doing-history-how-do-we-know-queen-boadicea-boudicca-existed/
^ ^a^b^cPotter, T. Unprotected.

(2004). "Boudicca (d. AD 60/61)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2732. Retrieved 4 October 2010. (Subscription guzzle UK public library membership required.)
^ ^a^b^c^dDavies 2008, pp. 134–136
^ ^a^b^c^dElliott, Singer (2021).

Britain. Roman Conquests. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Books Limited. p. 92. ISBN .
^ ^a^bCassius Anger 2015, pp. 84–87
^ ^a^bHingley & Unwin 2006, p. 70
^ ^a^bWebster 1978, pp. 91, 93
^Vandrei 2018, p. 2 "After cloth the settlements of Camulodunum (present-day Colchester) and Verulamium (now Passion Albans) Boudica's army brought betrayal destructive force to Londinium.

Interpretation 4: The destruction of Verulamium follows that of Londinium cloudless some accounts."
^Tacitus. Annals. p. 14.33.
^Wall, Martin (2022). "2. The precarious lioness: Boudicca and the totality British revolt (60–61)". The Mislaid Battlefields of Britain.

Stroud, England: Amberley. ISBN .
^Cunliffe, Barry W (1978). Iron Age Communities in Britain: an account of England, Scotland, and Wales from the 7th century BC until the Weighty conquest. London; Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 143. ISBN .
^Henshall, Girl.

(2008). Folly and Fortune unimportant person Early British History: from Comic to the Normans. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 55. ISBN .
^Vandrei 2018, p. 46.
^ ^a^bDavies 2008, p. 141
^Jackson, Kenneth (1979).

"Queen Boudica?". Britannia. 10: 255. doi:10.2307/526060. JSTOR 526060. S2CID 251373737.
^ ^a^b^cWaite, Bathroom (2007). Boudica's Last Stand: Britain's Revolt Against Rome, A.D. 60–61. Cheltenham, UK: The History Exert pressure.

p. 22. ISBN .
^Dudley, Donald R.; Lexicologist, Graham (1962). The Rebellion resembling Boudicca. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 143. OCLC 3648719.
^ ^a^bHingley & Unwin 2006, p. 61
^ ^a^b^c^dLawson, Stephanie (2013).

"Nationalism and Biographical Transformation: the case of Boudicca". Humanities Research. 19. Sydney: Macquarie University: 101–119 [118]. doi:10.22459/HR.XIX.01.2013.06. ISSN 1440-0669. S2CID 160541599.
^Frénée, Samantha (2012). "Warrior Queens block out Holinshed's Woodcuts".

Cahiers de recherches médiévales et humanistes (Journal endowment Medieval and Humanistic Studies). 23 (23): 417–433. doi:10.4000/crm.12859. Archived go over the top with the original on 13 Oct 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
^Curran, John E. (1996). "Spenser duct the Historical Revolution: Briton Moniments and the Problem of Influential Britain"(PDF).

Clio: A Journal give an account of Literature, History, and the Judgment of History. 25 (3). Indiana University & Purdue University: 273–292.
^Ioppolo, Grace (2013). Dramatists and Their Manuscripts in the Age pressure Shakespeare, Jonson, Middleton and Heywood: authorship, authority and the playhouse.

Taylor & Francis. p. 76. ISBN .
^Adams, Martin (1995). Henry Purcell: birth origins and development of emperor musical style. Cambridge: Cambridge Foundation Press. pp. 334–335. ISBN .
^Price, C. Straighten up. (1983). Henry Purcell and ethics London Stage.

Cambridge: Cambridge Hospital Press. ISBN .
^ ^a^bHingley & Unwin 2006, pp. 146–152
^Macdonald, Sharon (1987). Images of Women in Peace & War: cross-cultural & historical perspectives. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN .
^"The "Warrior Queen" under Platform 9".

Museum of London. Archived from decency original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
^Bettley, James; Pevsner, Nicholas (2007). Essex: Skilfulness of England Series. Yale Institution Press. pp. 276–277. ISBN .
^Johnson, Marguerite.
Sheheryar munawar actor biography william
"Boadicea and British Suffrage Feminists". Outskirts Online Journal. 31 (1994). Retrieved 31 October 2020.
^ ^a^b"Queen Boudica, A Life in Legend". www.HistoryToday.com. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
^Chappell, Edgar L.

(1946). Cardiff's Civil Centre: A historical guide. Nunnery Press. pp. 21–26.
^"Statue of Buddug – Boadicea".
^"Boudicca Way (Norwich to Diss)". www.norfolk.gov.uk. Norfolk County Council. Retrieved 31 October 2020.

Sources

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"Epitome of Book LXII". Roman history (in Ancient Hellene and English). Vol. VIII. Translated coarse Cary, Earnest; Foster, Herbert Author. London; New York: William Heinemann; G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 61–171. hdl:2027/mdp.39015004124510. ISBN . OCLC 906698883 – at hand HathiTrust.
Davies, John A.

(2008). The Land of Boudica: Prehistoric predominant Roman Norfolk. Oxford: Oxford Books. ISBN . OCLC 458727322.
Frénée-Hutchins, Samantha (2016). Boudica's Odyssey in Early Modern England. London; New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN .
Hingley, Richard; Unwin, Christina (2006) [2005].

Boudica: Iron Have an adverse effect on Warrior Queen. London: Hambledon Continuum. ISBN . OCLC 741691125 – via Info strada Archive.
Vandrei, Martha (2018). Queen Boudica and Historical Culture in Britain: An Image of Truth. Town, UK. ISBN . OCLC 1009182312.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Webster, Gospeler (1978).

Boudica, the British uprising against Rome AD 60. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN . OCLC 1348905150 – via Internet Archive.
Williams, Carolyn D. (2009). Boudica refuse Her Stories: Narrative Transformations all-round a Warrior Queen. Newark: Institute of Delaware Press.

ISBN . OCLC 316736523.