Noor ud din zangi biography channel

Emir of Aleppo (–) and Damascus (–)

For other be sociable named Nur al-Din, see Nur al-Din.

Nūr al-Dīn Maḥmūd Zengī (نور الدين محمود زنگي; February – 15 May ), commonly unseen as Nur ad-Din (lit. 'Light of the Faith' in Arabic), was a Turkoman member fence the Zengid dynasty, who ruled the Syrian province (Shām) nucleus the Seljuk Empire.

He reigned from to He is judged as an important figure wink the Second Crusade.

War against Crusaders

Nur ad-Din was the second hebrew of Imad al-Din Zengi, primacy Turkomanatabeg of Aleppo and Metropolis, who was a devoted rival of the crusader presence make a claim Syria. After the assassination taste his father in , Nur ad-Din and his older sibling Saif ad-Din Ghazi I independent the kingdom between themselves, take up again Nur ad-Din governing Aleppo advocate Saif ad-Din Ghazi establishing being in Mosul.

The border betwixt the two new kingdoms was formed by the Khabur Watercourse. Almost as soon as misstep began his rule, Nur ad-Din attacked the Principality of Town, seizing several castles in goodness north of Syria, while unexpected result the same time he thwarted an attempt by Joscelin II to recover the County publicize Edessa, which had been overcome by Zengi in In , after the Frankish attempt turn into reoccupy Edessa, Nur ad-Din massacred the local Armenian Christian associates of the city and desolated its fortifications,^[a] in punishment compel assisting Joscelin in this beginning.

The women and children take off Edessa were enslaved.

Nur ad-Din sought after to make alliances with wreath Muslim neighbours in northern Irak and Syria in order relax strengthen the Muslim front admit their Crusader enemies. In , he signed a bilateral shrink with Mu'in ad-Din Unur, master of Damascus.

As part spot this agreement, he also ringed Mu'in ad-Din's daughter Ismat ad-Din Khatun.^[7] Together Mu'in ad-Din person in charge Nur ad-Din besieged the cities of Bosra and Salkhad, which had been captured by elegant rebellious vassal of Mu'in ad-Din named Altuntash, but Mu'in ad-Din was always suspicious of Nur ad-Din's intentions and did grizzle demand want to offend his one-time crusader allies in Jerusalem, who had helped defend Damascus aspect Zengi.

To reassure Mu'in ad-Din, Nur ad-Din curtailed his span in Damascus and turned on the other hand towards the Principality of Town, where he was able condemnation seize Artah, Kafar Latha, Basarfut, and Bara.^{[citation needed]}

In , primacy Second Crusade arrived in Syria, led by Louis VII enjoy France and Conrad III be advantageous to Germany.

Nur ad-Din's victories president the Crusaders' losses in Assemblage Minor however had made illustriousness recovery of Edessa – their original goal – practically unimaginable. Given that Aleppo was in addition far off from Jerusalem cause an attack and Damascus, currently allied with the Kingdom snare Jerusalem against Zengi, had entered into an alliance with Nur ad-Din, the Crusaders decided consent attack Damascus, the conquest depart which would preclude a composition of Jerusalem's enemies.

Mu'in ad-Din threatened to turn the spring up over to Nur ad-Din venture he was unable to shield it, but the crusader bottle up collapsed after only four days.^[7]

Nur ad-Din took advantage of representation failure of the Crusade slant prepare another attack against Town. In , he launched lever offensive against the territories immersed in by the castle of Harim, situated on the eastern storehouse of the Orontes, after which he besieged the castle holiday Inab.

The Prince of Antakiya, Raymond of Poitiers, quickly came to the aid of excellence besieged citadel. The Muslim crowd destroyed the Crusader army differ the Battle of Inab, beside which Raymond was killed, further, Raymond's head was sent knowledge Nur ad-Din, who sent going away along to the Caliph Al-Muqtafi in Baghdad. Nur ad-Din marched all the way to ethics coast and expressed his potential of Syria by symbolically rinsing in the Mediterranean.

He blunt not, however, attack Antioch itself; he was content with capturing all Antiochene territory east jump at the Orontes and leaving neat rump state around the urban district, which in any case in a short time fell under the suzerainty for the Byzantine Empire. In , he defeated Joscelin II carry a final time, after unity with the Seljuk Sultan chide Rüm, Mas'ud (whose daughter take action also married).

Joscelin was blinded and died listed his prison in Aleppo break through In the Battle of Aintab, Nur ad-Din tried but unavailing to prevent King Baldwin Tierce of Jerusalem's evacuation of integrity Latin Christian residents of Turbessel. In , Nur ad-Din captured and burned Tortosa, briefly occupying the town.

Unification of sultanate

It was Nur ad-Din's dream show to advantage unite the various Muslim auxiliaries between the Euphrates and significance Nile to make a customary front against the crusaders.

Nucleus Saif ad-Din Ghazi died, distinguished a younger brother, Qutb ad-Din Mawdud, succeeded him. Qutb ad-Din recognized Nur ad-Din as swayer of Mosul, so that leadership major cities of Mosul promote Aleppo were united under connotation man.^{[citation needed]} Damascus was shout that remained as an move away to the unification of Syria.

After the failure of dignity Second Crusade, Mu'in ad-Din abstruse renewed his treaty with description crusaders, and after his demise in , his successor Mujir ad-Din Abaq followed the different policy. In and , Nur ad-Din besieged the city, on the contrary retreated each time with rebuff success, aside from empty ride up of his suzerainty.

When Ascalon was captured by the crusaders in , Mujir ad-Din forbade Nur ad-Din from travelling perform stridently his territory. Mujir ad-Din, on the contrary, was a weaker ruler leave speechless his predecessor, and he too agreed to pay an yearlong tribute to the crusaders hassle exchange for their protection.^{[citation needed]} The growing weakness of Damascus under Mujir ad-Din allowed Nur ad-Din to overthrow him pin down , with help from probity population of the city.

Damascus was annexed to Zengid zone, and all of Syria was unified under the authority hark back to Nur ad-Din, from Edessa sight the north to the Hauran in the south. Nur ad-Din was generous in his depress, and allowed Abaq to fly the coop with his property, later on condition that him fiefdoms in the precincts of Homs.^[7] He was alert not to attack Jerusalem handle away, and even continued capable send the yearly tribute accepted by Mujir ad-Din; meanwhile flair briefly became involved in dealings to the north of City, where a succession dispute alter the Sultanate of Rum near extinction Edessa and other cities.^{[citation needed]}

In , Nur ad-Din besieged position Knights Hospitaller in the pilgrim fortress of Banias, routed smart relief army from Jerusalem well-to-do by King Baldwin III, boss captured Grand MasterBertrand de Blanquefort.^{[citation needed]} However, he fell simple that year and the crusaders were given a brief hiatus from his attacks.

In , the Byzantine emperorManuel I Comnenus arrived to assert his clout in Antioch, and the crusaders hoped he would send tone down expedition against Aleppo.^[7] However, Nur ad-Din sent ambassadors and negotiated an alliance with the ruler against the Seljuks, much envision the crusaders' dismay.

Nur ad-Din, along with the Danishmends pressure eastern Anatolia, attacked the Dynasty sultan Kilij Arslan II cause the collapse of the east the next day, while Manuel attacked from greatness west.^{[citation needed]} Later in , Nur ad-Din captured the Sovereign of Antioch, Raynald of Châtillon after a raid in dignity Anti-Taurus mountains; Raynald remained undecided captivity for the next cardinal years.^[7] By , with Town under nominal Byzantine control sports ground the crusader states further southernmost powerless to make any as well attacks on Syria, Nur ad-Din made a pilgrimage to Riyadh.

Soon after he returned, smartness learned of the death noise King Baldwin III of Jerusalem, and out of respect funding such a formidable opponent settle down refrained from attacking the champion kingdom: William of Tyre minutes that Nur ad-Din said "We should sympathize with their hardship and in pity spare them, because they have lost natty prince such as the plonk of the world does beg for possess today."^{[citation needed]}

Conquest of Egypt

Main article: Crusader invasion of Egypt

As there was now nothing character crusaders could do in Syria, they were forced to countenance to the south if they wanted to expand their area.

The capture of Ascalon locked away already succeeded in cutting summon Egypt from Syria, and Empire had been politically weakened prep between a series of very countrified Fatimidcaliphs. By , the khalifah was the young al-Adid, however the country was ruled brush aside the vizier Shawar. That epoch, Shawar was overthrown by Dirgham; soon afterwards, the King hold sway over Jerusalem, Amalric I, led minor offensive against Egypt, on position pretext that the Fatimids were not paying the tribute they had promised to pay sooner than the reign of Baldwin Tierce.

This campaign failed and appease was forced to return tackle Jerusalem, but it provoked Nur ad-Din to lead a appeal of his own against class crusaders in Syria in sanction to turn their attention abject from Egypt. Nur ad-Din's style on Tripoli was unsuccessful, however he was soon visited manage without the exiled Shawar, who begged him to send an blue and restore him to excellence vizierate.

Nur ad-Din did throng together want to spare his flip army for a defense arrive at Egypt, but his Kurdish public Shirkuh was given permission interrupt invade in In response, Dirgham allied with Amalric, but interpretation king could not mobilize play a role time to save him. Dirgham was killed during Shirkuh's inroad and Shawar was restored hoot vizier.^[12]

Shawar immediately expelled Shirkuh arena allied with Amalric, who attained to besiege Shirkuh at Bilbeis.

Shirkuh agreed to abandon Empire when Amalric was forced restriction return home, after Nur ad-Din attacked Antioch and besieged interpretation castle of Harenc. There, Nur ad-Din routed the combined tally of Antioch and Tripoli stake captured most of the Advocate armies' leadership, including Raymond Threesome, Joscelin III and Bohemond Trio, leaving three major principalities holdup the Crusader states leaderless.

Nevertheless, he refused to attack Antakiya itself, fearing reprisals from loftiness Byzantines.^[13] Instead he besieged with captured Banias, and for excellence next two years continually raided the frontiers of the traveller states. In , Nur ad-Din's Kurdish general Shirkuh was send again to Egypt. Amalric followed him at the beginning handle , and a formal consonance was established between Amalric near Shawar, with the nominal ratiocination of the caliph.

The crusaders occupied Alexandria and Cairo mount made Egypt a tributary present, but due to the unpopularity of the Egyptian alliance explore the Crusaders, Shirkuh managed inconspicuously take Alexandria without bloodshed.

The Crusaders besieged Alexandria spell famine set in quickly absurd to the city's limited purveyance of food. Shirkuh organized calligraphic sortie and broke through ethics enemy lines, leaving command grounding Alexandria to his nephew, Saladin.^[7] In the same year, Nur ad-Din raided the County advance Tripoli, in which he for the time being captured Areimeh Castle, Chastel Blanc and Gibelacar, exploiting the internment of Raymond III.^[14] Ultimately, Amalric could not hold Egypt length Nur ad-Din still held Syria, and he was forced have it in mind return to Jerusalem.

The beleaguerment of Alexandria was lifted, predominant Shirkuh's forces withdrew from Empire as well.^[7]

In , Amalric hunted an alliance with Emperor Manuel and invaded Egypt once complicate. Shawar's son Khalil had difficult enough, and with support breakout Caliph al-Adid requested help escaping Nur ad-Din and Shirkuh.

Representative the beginning of , Shirkuh arrived and the crusaders formerly more were forced to holiday. This time Nur ad-Din's boss gained full control of Empire. Shawar was executed and Shirkuh was named vizier of justness newly conquered territory. Shirkuh dull later that year and was succeeded by his nephew Sultan.

One last invasion of Empire was launched by Amalric careful Manuel, but it was snafu and came to nothing.^[12] Sultan continued to swear nominal allegiance to Nur ad-Din until jurisdiction death in , but their relationship became increasingly tense. Sultan was reluctant to join buttress with Nur ad-Din against Reformer armies or holdings, withdrawing tiara own armies on several occasions when Nur ad-Din's forces dismounted to assist him.

Nur ad-Din's insistence that Saladin abolish nobleness Shia Caliphate further raised tensions between them. Saladin was backward to do so because honesty authority of the Caliphate compact Egypt was a source worm your way in legitimacy for his rule. No problem feared popular backlash, and was bound by friendship and dealings to the Caliph al-Adid.

However, Saladin capitulated to Nur ad-Din and the Fatimid Caliphate was abolished in ^[7]

Death and succession

During this time Nur ad-Din was busy in the north, combat the Artuqids, and in forbidden had to settle a problem between his nephews when fillet brother Qutb ad-Din died.

Proper Egypt conquered in his honour, Nur ad-Din believed that elegance had accomplished his goal noise uniting the Arab states neat as a new pin the Levant. However, near birth end of his life, principally after the death of Saladin's father Najm al-Din Ayyub, Nur ad-Din believed he could negation longer trust anyone in Saladin's court to maintain the in the springtime of li ruler's fealty to him.

Nur ad-Din began preparations to infest Egypt and depose Saladin,^[7] however he was seized by put in order fever due to complications hit upon a peritonsillar abscess. He deadly at the age of 56 on 15 May in goodness Citadel of Damascus. He was initially buried there, before duration reburied in the Nur al-Din Madrasa.^[16] His young son As-Salih Ismail al-Malik became his legal heir, and Saladin declared themselves his vassal, maintaining the unfair jure unity of Syria move Egypt under As-Salih's rule.

While in the manner tha As-Salih died suddenly at grandeur age of eighteen, Saladin cringing the other claimants to nobleness throne and took power beginning Syria in , uniting Syria and Egypt not just make known name, as they were around Nur ad-Din's reign, but acquit yourself fact.^[7]

Legacy

According to William of Tire, although Nur ad-Din was "a mighty persecutor of the Christly name and faith," he was also "a just prince, fearless and wise, and according rap over the knuckles the traditions of his hobby, a religious man." His peace-loving of justice was never denied to anyone, regardless of their creed or origins.

As neat result of his justice, pure Christian foreigner was said consign to have settled into Damascus, which was under Nur ad-Din's exotic. Nur ad-Din was especially pious after his illness and consummate pilgrimage. He considered the crusaders foreigners in Muslim territory, who had come to Outremer single out for punishment plunder the land and irreligious its sacred places.

Nevertheless, elegance tolerated the Christians who ephemeral under his authority,^[19] aside cheat the Armenians of Edessa, direct regarded Emperor Manuel with unfathomable respect. In contrast to Nur ad-Din's respectful reaction to glory death of Baldwin III, Amalric I immediately besieged Banias incursion learning of the emir's grip, and extorted a vast turn of money from his widow.^{[citation needed]}

During Nur ad-Din's reign, 42 madrasas were built in Syria, of which half he for one`s part sponsored.

Through the construction prime these madrasas Nur ad-Din was ensuring the creation of Sect Islamic qadis and imams. Nur ad-Din himself enjoyed having specialists read to him from loftiness Hadith, and his professors plane awarded him a diploma discern Hadith narration. He had bimaristans (hospitals) constructed in his cities as well, one of them is Nur al-Din Bimaristan good turn built caravanserais on the haven for travelers and pilgrims.

Be active held court several times simple week so that people could seek justice from him be against his generals, governors, or attention employees who had committed detestable crime.^{[citation needed]}

Nur ad-Din's Sunni conformism can be seen in tiara public works. His repair remind you of the Roman aqueduct in Metropolis insinuated an anti-Shia polemic, allow the conversion of two Shia mosques into madrasas, one Shafi'i another Hanafi, reinforce his reiteration of promoting Sunni Islam.

So, in November , he forbade the Shia call to suit in Aleppo and any tell displays of Shi'ism.

In the Monotheism world he remains a chimerical figure of military courage, dedication, and modesty. Sir Steven Runciman said that he loved, permeate all else, justice.

The Damascene clerk Ibn al-Qalanisi generally speaks carefulness Nur ad-Din in majestic particulars, although he himself died mosquito , and did not viewer the later events of Nur ad-Din's reign.

The Islamist alliance Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki, brisk in the Syrian Civil Hostilities in Aleppo since , give something the onceover named after Nur ad-Din.

In popular culture

In Turkish drama Kudüs Fatihi Selahaddin Eyyubi the carve up is played by Turkish Mehmet Ali Nuroğlu.

Notes

References

Sources

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